Thyroid disorders and pregnancy are among the most common endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age. Studies show that subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in approximately 5 to 7 percent, overt hypothyroidism in about 2 to 4.5 percent, and hyperthyroidism in about 0.5 to 1 percent of women. The importance of this issue becomes greater when we realize that thyroid disorders and pregnancy are closely interconnected, and any irregularity in thyroid function can significantly affect the chances of pregnancy and fetal health.
Hypothyroidism can be easily diagnosed through a blood test. A mild increase in TSH accompanied by normal levels of T4 and T3 indicates subclinical hypothyroidism, whereas a marked elevation of TSH along with decreased thyroid hormone levels indicates overt hypothyroidism.
Thyroid dysfunction can have a direct effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and, through indirect hormonal changes, disrupt ovulation. For this reason, evaluating thyroid disorders and pregnancy in women who are experiencing infertility is of great importance.
In hypothyroidism:
These changes can lead to reduced chances of pregnancy or an increased risk of miscarriage, indicating the important role of thyroid disorders and pregnancy in reproductive success. (Table 1)
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